Wood species
Greenheart wood
Greenheart is a hardwood (Chlorocardium rodiei). At 12% moisture content it has a Janka hardness of 2,350 lbf (10,453 N) and it weighs about 62 lb/ft³ (998 kg/m³), 5.2 lb (2.36 kg) per board foot.
Key numbers
- Janka hardness, 12% MC
- 2,350 lbf (10,453 N)
- Green: 1,880 lbf (8,363 N)
- Weight at 12% MC
- 62 lb/ft³ (998 kg/m³)
- 5.2 lb per board foot
- Specific gravity (oven-dry weight)
- 0.80 on green volume
- Shrinkage, green to oven-dry
- 9.6% tangential
- Radial 8.8%, volumetric 17.1%
One source: USDA Forest Products Laboratory, collected from the world literature (its Tables 5-5 and 4-4)
Why: From the USDA Wood Handbook, which collected these values from the world literature; greenheart's density is worked from its specific gravity with the Handbook's own equations.
How much greenheart moves
A 12 in wide flatsawn board of greenheart that goes from 6% to 12% moisture content swells about 0.25 in (about 1/4 in, 6.3 mm). Quartersawn, the same board moves about 0.23 in (about 7/32 in, 5.8 mm). Flatsawn faces move 1.1 times as much as quartersawn ones, because the wood shrinks 9.6% around the growth rings but only 8.8% across them.
Worked from the Wood Handbook's shrinkage values (Table 4-4) with its Eq. 13-4; the Handbook gives no movement coefficients for imported woods. Individual boards vary: the Handbook gives shrinkage a coefficient of variation of about 15% (p. 4-11).
Color, grain and working
- Color
- Light to dark olive green, or nearly black.
- Grain and texture
- Fine, uniform texture; straight to wavy grain.
- Working and character
- Stronger and stiffer than white oak and harder to work because it is so dense. Very resistant to decay and termites, and to marine borers in temperate water.
- Uses
- Docks, lock gates, wharves, piers, piling, industrial flooring and bridges; also fishing rods and billiard cue butts.
Adapted in our own words from the Wood Handbook, Chapter 2, p. 2-24.
Strength
Bending strength is the modulus of rupture (MOR); stiffness is the modulus of elasticity (MOE). Values for greenheart from Wood Handbook Table 5-5b (p. 5-22), which the Handbook says were collected from the world literature, on clear, straight-grained specimens. Knots and cross grain make lumber weaker than these clear samples (Handbook Chapter 5).
| Property | Green | 12% MC |
|---|---|---|
| Bending strength (MOR) | 19,300 psi (133 MPa) | 24,900 psi (172 MPa) |
| Stiffness (MOE) | 2,470,000 psi (17 GPa) | 3,250,000 psi (22.4 GPa) |
| Crushing strength (compression parallel to grain) | 9,380 psi (65 MPa) | 12,510 psi (86 MPa) |
| Shear parallel to grain | 1,930 psi (13 MPa) | 2,620 psi (18 MPa) |
A dash means the Handbook prints no value; none is filled in.
Dust and health
- Wood dust is classed as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, chiefly for cancers of the nose and sinuses.
- NIOSH recommends keeping wood dust exposure to 1 mg/m³ of total dust, as quoted in OSHA's sawmill guidance.
This is what the named authorities publish, not medical advice.
Compare with
Why these numbers
Why these numbers?
The situation
The Wood Handbook prints 2,350 lbf of side hardness at 12% moisture content for greenheart, a value it says was collected from the world literature (Table 5-5b, p. 5-22).
One source: USDA Forest Products Laboratory, collected from the world literature (its Tables 5-5 and 4-4) , sources [1]
What that means
Side hardness (Janka) is the load needed to press a 0.444 in (11.28 mm) steel ball halfway into the wood across the grain; a higher number dents less (Handbook p. 5-5).
One source: USDA Forest Products Laboratory, collected from the world literature (its Tables 5-5 and 4-4) , sources [1]
So
The Handbook gives only the green specific gravity (0.80) for greenheart, so it is moved to 12% with the volumetric shrinkage of 17.1% (Eqs. 4-9 and 4-11), then multiplied by water's density and 1.12 (Eq. 4-14).
Arithmetic: exact by definition , sources [1]
The number
About 62 lb/ft³, or 5.2 lb per board foot (1/12 ft³), at 12% moisture content.
Arithmetic: exact by definition
Sources